1
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2023
  
 
(     )
 :    : 75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1. -   ?     ?    
   
2.    
  ?      
-
3.      Guass Siedel      
     
4.              :
x-y+z=3
2x+yz-2
x+2y-2z=-1
2
Easy2Siksha
-
5.              
        30-40:

()
15-20
20-30
30-40
45-55
5-70
 

73
97
110
183
140
6. ()               :

(b)  f(x)       3/8      x=0.1  x1.0
 f(x)    

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

1.001
1.008
.
.
.

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

.
.
.
.
2.0
-
7.    -   ?       
8. ()    ?    ?
(b)                


12
25

17
30
3
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2023
  
 
(     )
 :    : 75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1. -   ?     ?    
   
 - ,   ,  -   
                
 
1. - 
-            
 
    ,  -       

-      :
a)  : y = x^2 + 3x + 2 b)  : y = 2^xc)  : y =
log(x) d)  : y = sin(x) e)     1  : y = x^3 -
2x^2 + 4
  ,          
        ,     
      ,       
4
Easy2Siksha
2. -   
-  -     '    

        -    
       :
a)  :     -  ,    
           
b) : -    -   , 
,             
c)  :    -     
     
d)  :      ,    ,  
     -     
e)  : -    3D    
        
f)  :        -
    
g)  :           
     -       
h) :-            
    metabolized  
3. - 
-  (       )      
 -           ,   x
         f(x) = 0,  f(x)  -  
      :
 1:       ,   x0  
 2:  '      , f(x0).
 3:  '        , f'(x0).
 4:            : x1 = x0 - f(x0) /
f'(x0)
 5: x1      '   2-4  ,  x2,    ,
    
  ' 
 
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Easy2Siksha
n    : xn+1 = xn - f(xn) / f'(xn)
    '             ' 
   x-      
4. -  
  
      
  ,    '  :
          -  f(x) 
  
x-
    x0                '
 (x0, f(x0))  
,   '           f'(x0)    ,
x0 '   
     : y - f(x0) = f'(x0)(x - x0)

          x-   , 
  
     ', y = 0,  
   :
0 - f(x0) = f'(x0)(x - x0) x = x0 - f(x0) / f'(x0)
      
        
5. -   
a)  :      ,  -     
 ,              '    
b) :       
c) :  -      '     
6.   
   , -     :
a)  :           
   ,    
    '   
b)  :         ,     
      
c)   :    '     ,      
  
d)  :      ,      ',   
      
e) :   ,           
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7.  
           -   
    
     5      

       '   : f(x) = x^2 - 5 = 0
    : f'(x) = 2x
 x0 = 2 (2^2 = 4 ,   5   )      
 1: x1 = x0 - f(x0) / f'(x0) = 2 - (2^2 - 5) / (2*2) = 2 - (-1) / 4 = 2.25
 2: x2 = 2.25 - (2.25^2 - 5) / (2*2.25) ≈ 2.2361111111
 3: x3 ≈ 2.2360679775
    , 
  5  10        
 !    2.2360679775 ,      
8.  
 , -    , 
  '    
     :
a)         b)    -   
         
     :
python
 
def newton_raphson(f, f_prime, x0, tolerance=1e-6, max_iterations=100):
x = x0
  i  (max_iterations):
fx = f(x)
 abs(fx) < :
 
dfx = f_prime(x)
 dfx == 0:
  
#   
x = x - fx / dfx
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Easy2Siksha
  
#        
sqrt(5)  #  
def f(x):
 x**2 - 5
def f_prime(x):
 2*x
 = newton_raphson(f, f_prime, 2)
(f"sqrt(5)  : {}")
     -        , 
     
 
9.  
-             
     '   ,        
  '    
   1671   "De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas"
    ,      '     
  
   1690        

   
  ,      ,   1740  
        , "-"    
 ,-      -   
-         -  
   '         ,   
   '            
          -   
   '   -         
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2.    
  ?      
1. : -    -
    ,          -
, x    f(x) = 0 
        '  
  ,  -          
   
           
 
              (
      )     ,     
           -    
2.   
                
     :
a) 
 , a  b    ,   f(a)  f(b)      

   a  b  -   
b)         ,    
       (a, f(a))  (b, f(b))      
c)    x-     ,        
   .
d) 
 f(c)      f(c) = 0 ,  
   
, 
  a  b c   ,  '       f(c)   

e)          
  
  ' 


  c      :
c = (a * f(b) - b * f(a)) / (f(b) - f(a))
3.    
  
        :
a)  :    ,      
                 
b)   '  :    ,     
     ,           
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c)   :         ,  
    
 
d)    
:   -  (    )  ,
       
,       
   
e) :                 
,   '           
 
4.     
,          :
a) :
:       
 :            
b)  :
:              
 :      ,          

c) :
:  -,    
 
 :  , 
      '  

d) :
:     
 :    ,     
e)    :
:     '    , 
     
 
 :           
f)    :
:             
 :      '  -   
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5.  
        ,     
 :
    x-      y-   
    ' x-     
     
 :
    '    
    '      
  :
 (a, f(a))  (b, f(b))      
    x-     -     
   :   -     "" ,   
 '      '     
6.   
  : :
       ,      
   

  '    -   
:
    -     
            -    
 : :
     .
,    
         
:
      ,     
      ,      
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7.     
   -          '
  :
     :
o          
o   
          
o       
    :
o    -    - 
o  ,       
o       .
o n          
8.  
       ,      :
a)   :     '       :
   

  ( |f(x)|     )
   ( | b - a |      )
b) - :  -      
         
c)   :          
        '    
d)  :            (
 )     
9.  
       ,         
              
              
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 ,   ,          
      '          
         
10. 
 ,         
       
 (     )       ' 
            , 
      
 
              
-            
               
,         ' 
 
 ,      ,  -     
      ,          
         
-
3.      Guass Siedel      
     
1. :      -
     ,    
     
               (
   
     
)  :
2x + 3y - z = 1 x - y + 2z = -2 3x + 2y + z = 4
  x, y,  z             
2. - 
-             
              
       '        
        
    :
1.        (  )
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2.         ,     
     
3.          ,     
          
4.       
5. 2-4       
  (  '  
)
      :
 '  : 4x - y + z = 7 x + 5y + 2z = 13 x + y + 3z = 10
 1:          : x = (7 + y - z) / 4 y =
(13 - x - 2z) / 5 z = (10 - x - y) / 3
 2:       x = 0, y = 0, z = 0   
 3:  : x = (7 + 0 - 0) / 4 = 1.75 y = (13 - 1.75 - 2(0)) / 5 = 2.25 z = (10 - 1.75 -
2.25) / 3 = 2
 4:  : x = (7 + 2.25 - 2) / 4 = 1.8125 y = (13 - 1.8125 - 2(2)) / 5 = 1.4375 z = (10
- 1.8125 - 1.4375) / 3 = 2.

               

3. -   
a)  :             ,
    - 
 
b) :        .
c) :   ,   '   '  (   
            ),        
d) : -         
 
4. -   
a)  :   ,   '     '  
,  
       
b)    :       
   
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c)  :       ,     
   
5. - 
,     -       
      ,            
    (       
)
    :
1.        (  ,   )   

2.              
  
3.      .
     :
4x - y + z = 7 x + 5y + 2z = 13 x + y + 3z = 10
 1:      : [4 -1 1 | 7] [1 5 2 | 13] [1 1 3 | 10]
 2:  ' 1s    0s         :
[1 0 0 | 2] [0 1 0 | 3] [0 0 1 | 1]
 3:  : x = 2, y = 3, z = 1
6. -   
a)  :            
b)  :         
c)  :           
d) :        ,      
     
7. -   
a)  :   ,         

b)   :            
c) 
 :    , 
     , 
   
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8. -  -   
a)   :
-: ,    
 
-: ,      (
   )
b) :
-: ,   (  )     
-:           ' 
c)  :
-:  -,     
-:            
d) :
-:        ,       


-:     ,   
      
e) :
-:          ,  -
   
-:      -     
f)  :
-:          
-:        
9.     
-    :
   ,    
   
    
   '  
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Easy2Siksha
-    :
        
    
   (     
)
    
10.     
-  19
       ,   -   
19
          '     -  
   :
:  ,   
 :   ,   
 :  , - 
 :  , 3D 
  :        
  ,        
              
  '                
11. 
-  -         
 ,           
   ,   , 
 ,     '
  
-               
  ,   ,        
          
 , -              
               
   -     
 
            
           
  
       ,  
  '   
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     ,      '   

4.              :
x-y+z=3
2x+yz-2
x+2y-2z=-1
:  ,       :
1. x - y + z = 3
2. 2x + y - z = 2
3. x + 2y - 2z = -1
                 , 

     ,        
            ,    
         ,   ,    

 1:      
, 
           
             
 
  :
[1 -1 1 | 3] [2 1 -1 | 2] [1 2 -2 | -1]
    
 ,          x, y,
 z                 

 2:    
, 
             
     (    )      
a) ,    x         :  
-2         :
[1 -1 1 | 3] [0 3 -3 | -4] [1 2 -2 | -1]
b) ,    x   :      :
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Easy2Siksha
[1 -1 1 | 3] [0 3 -3 | -4] [0 3 -3 | -4]
c) 
                
 
    ,      :
  1     -1/3   :
[1 -1 1 | 3] [0 1 -1 | -4/3] [0 3 -3 | -4]
d) ,    y         :   
  :
[1 0 0 | 5/3] [0 1 -1 | -4/3] [0 3 -3 | -4]
e)  ,    y         :    
 3  :
[1 0 0 | 5/3] [0 1 -1 | -4/3] [0 0 0 | 0]
 3:    
            , 
  
              
                
      

  , 
           [0 0 0 |  0] 
 0x + 0y + 0z = 0  
 ,   x, y,  z       
         
      
 
[0 0 0 |         k],  k   -  ,  0
= k   
 ,     
     

    


    ,      :
  : x = 5/3   : y - z = -4/3

z y       : z = y + 4/3
          ,  
y       ,
    z  x            
 
       :
x = 5/3 y = t ( t    ) z = t + 4/3

              :
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Easy2Siksha
1. x - y + z = 3 5/3 - t + (t + 4/3) = 5/3 - t + t + 4/3 = 3
2. 2x + y - z = 2 2(5/3) + t - (t + 4/3) = 10/3 + t - t - 4/3 = 2
3. x + 2y - 2z = -1 5/3 + 2t - 2(t + 4/3) = 5/3 + 2t - 2t - 8/3 = -1
        ,        
  :
1. 
          
   
2. 
     ,   -   
3. 
         ,  
   
 
4.  : x = 5/3, y = t, z = t + 4/3,  t       
      x, y,  z           
   
y       ,   x  z    
   
  ,   -     
    
              (5/3, 0, 4/3)  
  t = 0,         
 t    
 
          ,   

  , ,           
 -     ,  :
1.  :3D  2D  '      
     
2.  :          
       
3.  :          
    
4.  :        
      

   ,  ,    -  
   '   ,             
              
     
20
Easy2Siksha
   ,   
        
               ,  
       
       
      ,  ,  
'     ,         
           
       -  
 ,         ,     
 ',       ,  
       
   -      
    
  -         
-
5.              
        30-40:

()
15-20
20-30
30-40
45-55
5-70
 

73
97
110
183
140
:,        :       
        
        
        30-40.         
(110 ),  
    Lagrange     
     
,          
,      :
1.     ?    -   
             , 
   , 
          
  
21
Easy2Siksha
2. Lagrange   
?   '      
     ,        
     ' 

3.  :
  
     -    
           '     
   
,     '  :
 1:              x-, 
    y-    :
x0 = 17.5 (15-20   ), y0 = 73 x1 = 25 (20-30   ), y1 = 97 x2 = 35 (30-40  
), y2 = 110 (    
      ) x3 = 50 (45-55  
), y3 = 183 x4 = 62.5 (55-70   ), y4 = 140
 2:Lagrange      Lagrange   :
L(x) = Σ(yi * Li(x))
 j ≠ i  Li(x) = Π(x - xj) / (xi - xj)
   ,  
  :
L(x)    
yi  - y-  (  )
Li(x)      
x     
       (  , 35)
xi  xj  - x-  (    )
 3: Lagrange       L0(35), L1(35), L3(35),  L4(35)  
   
L2(35)   
 
      
  
  
L0(35) = (35-25)(35-35)(35-50)(35-62.5) / (17.5-25)(17.5-35)(17.5-50)(17.5-62.5) L1(35) =
(35-17.5)(35-35)(35-50)(35-62.5) / (25-17.5)(25-35)(25-50)(25-62.5) L3(35) = (35- 17.5)(35-
25)(35-35)(35-62.5) / (50-17.5)(50-25)(50-35)(50-62.5) L4(35) = (35-17.5)(35 -25)(35-35)(35-
50) / (62.5-17.5)(62.5-25)(62.5-35)(62.5-50)
 4:       
    :
L(35) = 73L0(35) + 97L1(35) + 183L3(35) + 140L4(35)
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Easy2Siksha
 5:          ,   
  '
          
    ,  
110        
  :  
     ,   110   
 ,          
      
    
  
?
1.     :   30-40    
,  

               
 
2.  :           
 , 
      
3.  :
          
       ,      (  40-45)  

  :
1. :      '  ,        ,
      
2. :      ,     
  '   ,      
3.  :  ,     '    
- :
1.  :    ,      
 
2.  :        
3.  :    
4. :        
 ,    -       
        ,       
         30-40,      

,              
    
  -            
  
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Easy2Siksha
           '  ,  ,  
  ,            
         ,      
          
       
 ,         '  ,  
          -  , 
      '        
      '      
6. ()               :

:   
                
 -               
        
         '
    (  ,   )       
        - 
 ,  
   
     '         (   

) 
        
    
:
a  b    ,
n -    (           ),
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Easy2Siksha
a  -   ,
x0,x1,x2,…,xn_     [a,b][a, b][a,b],
f(xi)   '   
       , 1, 4,  2      
:

        x=0  x=5   
    , 
--  
 1: -    (nnn)
,  -            n=6n =
6n=6 ,   [0,5][0, 5][0,5] 6  -   
 2:  - (hhh)     
 -       :
 ,  -    0.8333  
 3: xix_ixi  
 
x0,x1,x2,…,x6x_0, x_1, x_2, \dots, x_6x0,x1,x2,…,x6      
 :
     ' 
 f(x)   
 4: f(xi)   
, 
 f(x)=       '.
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Easy2Siksha
 5:      
, 
        :

   :
 
6 -           ∫05dx1+x4\int_0^5
\frac{dx}{1 + x^4}∫051+x4dx     1.1275 
   :
1.             
 
2.    -         
3.               

 
4.           ,    
 -    
5.   , 6 -    1.1275     
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Easy2Siksha
      
        
,
            '    
 
     :
   ,  ,       -
         '      
        ,     
 ,    ,          
               
:
 ,             
    -      - '   
,               -
 
 ,          , 6 - 
   0  5       1.1275     


(b)  f(x)       3/8      x=0.1  x1.0
 f(x)    

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

1.001
1.008
.
.
.

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

.
.
.
.
2.0
:  3/8            
,   '       '      ,  xxx
(XXX   )      f(x) (Y   )    
   ,   x=0.1x =        
     3/8      0.1x=0.1  x=1.0x = 1.0x=1.0
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Easy2Siksha
 1:   3/8  
  3/8             
        1/3   ,     
          ,        
 
  3/8    :
:
a  bbb    ,
x0,x1,x2,…,xn        ,
h    ,   h=b−anh = \frac{b - a}{n}h=nb−a,  nnn 
   (  3/8  , nnn     3  ),
f(x0),f(x1),…,f(n)    (YYY   ) 
 2:    '   3/8   
  :
 xxx  f(x) (Y   )        :
 x=0.1x  x=1.0x  f(x)       
  :
   hhh xxx      ,       :
h=0.1h
  :

  10   (x=0.1x = 0.1 ),  9     3/8   
   ,    3       , 9 3 
   ,  
      
 3:   3/8      
28
Easy2Siksha
, 
  3/8   
        , 
          :
 4:   3/8         
     :
1.    hhh 0.1 
2.   3/8    
,    :
   :
1.0011.0011.001   
3(1.008)=3.0243(1.008) = 3.0243(1.008)=3.024,
3(1.027)=3.0813(1.027) = 3.0813(1.027)=3.081,
2(1.064)=2.1282(1.064) = 2.1282(1.064)=2.128,
3(1.125)=3.3753(1.125) = 3.3753(1.125)=3.375,
3(1.216)=3.6483(1.216) = 3.6483(1.216)=3.648,
2(1.343)=2.6862(1.343) = 2.6862(1.343)=2.686,
3(1.512)=4.5363(1.512) = 4.5363(1.512)=4.536,
3(1.729)=5.1873(1.729) = 5.1873(1.729)=5.187,
2.02.02.0   
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Easy2Siksha
,   :
 5:   
  3/8      x=0.1  x=1.0x  f(x)     
 1.150 

  , 
             
      3/8        
        
 ,       
    
  3/8        :
1.       3     
2.   xxx ' f(x)f(x)f(x)       ,    
3.             
    '          ' 
  
,             
           ,   3/8  
         
-
7.    -   ?       
:    :
                 
                
      :
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Easy2Siksha
1.  (   )
2. 
3. 
4.  
5.  
6.   
,          '   : ,   
             
1.   :
  ,         ,      
 
:            
:  = (   ) / (  )
  :
a)      :        , 
        
 
b)       :    ,     
   ,     
c)     :        
      
d)  :    ,       ,   
  ,     
e)      :  -      
     ,      
 
    :
a)     (): The      
   '    ,   '      
 
b)     
:-    ,     
 

   
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c)       
  :     
        
 
d)      

:      
    
   ,         
2. :
                 

:
    :  
    :     
  :
a)     
:     ,    
      
 
b)    :  ,    ( 
        
)     
c)     :-  ,      
    
d)      : -    ,    
    
e)       :        
     , 
      
  :
a)      
 :       
  ,     
b)        :      
 ,           
c)      :   ,    
      
 
d)       :  ,     
  
  
3. :
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          
:          
  :
a)     ' : , ,      
  ,         
 
b)     
:  ,     

c)    :           () 
    
d)      :       ,  
        
e)      :         , 
 -        
  :
a)   
:           
  , 
    
b)  
 :  ,       

  ,   '         
c)    :  ,      
           
d)      :  ,     
     
 
   :
           '   :
1.   :
o   ,     
o   ,         
o     ,      
2.   :
o   , , ,      
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o   ,          
3.    :
o       ,     
     
4.   :
o      ,       
o    (  )      ,   
   
5.  :
o    ,        
o   ,          

 ,              
   '             ' 
    ,          
 ,            
 :
  >  ,     ' - 
  <  ,     ' - 
   ,     '  
     ,     ,  
,             
             
   -    ,       
                ,
               
(  , ,   )        
 ,             
   '            
                
           -    
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  ,          
     ()     
8. ()    ?    ?
(b)                


12
25

17
30
s: (a)    ?    ?
         
       '  
  ,                
         
-  -1  +1     , :
+1       
 
-1        
 
0      

 
   :
1.  :     ,       ,
   ,      
2.  :     ,      , 
     ,     
3.   
:      
  ,  
        

  :
1.   :       , 
   
      
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Easy2Siksha
2.  :  ,     ,   ,   ' -
         
3.  :-   ,      
-            
4.   : , -       
 
5.  :  ,        
       
6.  :          
      
          
  
   
       
           
          
(b)           
   ,    -        
,             '   
 
  -  (r)   :
r = Σ((X - X
)(Y - Ȳ)) / √(Σ(X - X
)² * Σ(Y - Ȳ)²)
: X  Y   X
X    Ȳ    Σ   
          :
X: 10, 12, 24, 25, 20 Y: 13, 17, 25, 30, 10
 1:     (X  Ȳ)
X
= (10 + 12 + 24 + 25 + 20) / 5 = 91 / 5 = 18.2 Ȳ = (13 + 17 + 25 + 30 + 10) / 5 = 95 / 5 = 19
 2:      (X - X)  (Y - Ȳ)   
X - X
: 10 - 18.2 = -8.2 12 - 18.2 = -6.2 24 - 18.2 = 5.8 25 - 18.2 = 6.8 20 - 18.2 = 1.8
Y - Ȳ: 13 - 19 = -6 17 - 19 = -2 25 - 19 = 6 30 - 19 = 11 10 - 19 = -9
 3:    (X - X)(Y - Ȳ), (X - X)²,  (Y - Ȳ)²   
(X - X
)(Y - Ȳ): (-8.2)(-6) = 49.2 (-6.2)(-2) = 12.4 (5.8)(6) = 34.8 (6.8)(11) = 74.8 (1.8) (-9) = -16.2
(X - X
)²: (-8.2)² = 67.24 (-6.2)² = 38.44 (5.8)² = 33.64 (6.8)² = 46.24 (1.8)² = 3.24
(Y - Ȳ)²: (-6)² = 36 (-2)² = 4 (6)² = 36 (11)² = 121 (-9)² = 81
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Easy2Siksha
 4:   
Σ((X - X
)(Y - Ȳ)) = 49.2 + 12.4 + 34.8 + 74.8 + (-16.2) = 155
Σ(X - X
)² = 67.24 + 38.44 + 33.64 + 46.24 + 3.24 = 188.8
Σ(Y - Ȳ)² = 36 + 4 + 36 + 121 + 81 = 278
 5:   
r = 155 / √(188.8 * 278) = 155 / √52486.4 = 155 / 229.1 = 0.677
, X  Y     0.677 
  :
0.677   -  X  Y     '   

      - X  , Y   ,    --
  
    :
1         
0.5          
0.7         
0.677          ,    .  
   X    Y       ,       
 
  ,  X  Y -  
 ,  
 
:
1. X  Y      
2. X     Y        ,   


3. X      Y    , 
   

            '  ,  
 '    
 X  Y     , Y  X 
   ,    ,       
 ,correlation          
      -  (0.677)       
  X  Y    ,            
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Easy2Siksha
  -             
   '  
:      Ai      ( )      
         , 
  '        
